近几十年来，随着博物馆发生巨大转变，其原则、政策以及实践都对应做出了调整及改变。与此同时，国际博物馆协会（ICOM）现有的博物馆定义却似乎已经不能反映目前博物馆所遇的挑战、前景和责任。对此，国际博协邀请协会成员与其他相关成员共同参与，以制定一个全新的、更符合当下的博物馆定义。

 

在第25届京都国际博协大会上讨论与决定。

 

新定义提案所应具备的因素

 

1.博物馆定义应明确博物馆的目的，以及博物馆在21世纪应对可持续的、道德的、政治的、社会的和文化的挑战及所承担责任的价值基础。

 

2.博物馆定义应保留博物馆收集、保护、记录、研究、展览的功能以及传播藏品和其它文化遗产证据的多种方式的独特、明确和必要性的统一，即便当前的术语可能不尽一致。

 

3.博物馆定义应承认自然危机的急迫性以及制定和实施可持续解决方案的紧迫性。

 

4.博物馆定义应承认并尊重和顾及全球各地博物馆工作所依循的各种世界观、条件和传统。

 

5.博物馆定义应承认并关切全球及国家、地区和地方的遗留的且持续存在的深刻的社会不平等及权力与财富的不平等。

 

6.博物馆定义应表达博物馆在与其社区的协作、共同承诺、责任和权力的关系中的专家角色。

 

7.博物馆定义应表达博物馆作为有意义的会晤场所，以及开放及多样化学习与交流平台的承诺。

 

8.博物馆定义应表明博物馆在获得和使用其物质、财务、社会和智力资源上应是可问责的和透明的。

 

（此部分翻译内容来自于宋向光老师编译的《博物馆定义、期望和提案常设委员会（MDPP）报告》）

 

来自世界各国的提案

 

目前，已经有多个国家和地区已在官网上递交了关于新定义的56条提案。为此，小编从中选取了几条进行翻译，抛砖引玉，希望能够引起大家对新定义的讨论。当然，由于小编水平有限，难免有错误出现，还烦请大家在留言中进行指正！

 

中国

 

1. 博物馆是通过物的搜集、研究、教学，以理解人和世界发展的社会机构。

 

2. 博物馆是一种社会现象。它源于人们对世界的感知和文化揭示，表现为博物馆状态、博物馆现象和博物馆三种形式。

 

西班牙

 

博物馆是一个守护、保存、记录、研究、展示、传播和保护对人类具有重要意义的物质及非物质文化遗产的机构。博物馆应是一个致力于其社区发展的透明组织。

 

A museum is an institution that guards, preserves, documents, researches, exhibits, disseminates and protects a cultural heritage of great significance for Humanity, whether material or immaterial. The museum owes a transparent organization committed to the social development of its community.

 

莫桑比克

 

博物馆是一个具有或不具有法人资格的永久性非营利事业机构，旨在将一套有形文化资产系统化，并通过研究、整合、清点、保存、阐释、展示和传播对其进行评估，以便与世界各地的观众（国内外）就参观、学术以及兴趣进行对话。

 

Museum is a non-institution of permanent character, with or without juridical personality, aiming at systematizing a set of tangible cultural assets and valuing them through: research, incorporation, inventory, conservation, interpretation, exhibition and dissemination in order to dialogue with various audiences (national and international) in the field of visitation, academic and delight.

 

巴西

 

博物馆是为社会及其发展服务的一个重要环节，也是进行研究、阐释、绘图、记录、保护、交流和展示人与自然之间见证的机构，旨在扩大身份建设的可能性和对城市文化现实的批判性认识。

 

Museums are processes and must be at the service of society and its development. They should also be units of investigation, interpretation, mapping, documentation, cultural preservation, communication and exposure of the testimonies of man and nature, with the aim of expanding the possibilities of identity construction and the critical perception about the cultural reality of cities.

 

德国

 

1.博物馆是一个服务于公共福利的永久性机构，旨在将（自然的、某种文化的、文化的）物质证据以及围绕其所创造的系统知识传递给未来。

 

A museum is an institution in the service of public welfare, erected for durable existence. Intending the transfer into future, it conserves material evidence (of nature, of one culture, of cultures) and creates internal and external knowledge with and concerning those objects.

 

2.博物馆是一个学习提问而不是得到答案的地方。

 

The museum as a place to learn to ask questions instead of getting answers.

 

伊朗

 

博物馆是一个向公众开放、由专业人士建立和管理的机构，试图通过对爱、和平、平等和自然的欣赏来阐述人的尊严和生活品质，并通过合法获取、记录、保护、展示和研究人类的有形和无形遗产，以消除政治、社会、文化或种族偏见。

 

A museum is an open to the public, professionally established and managed institution which attempts to elaborate human dignity and life quality through appreciation of love, peace, equality and nature, free from any political, social, cultural or ethnic bias with lawful acquisition, documentation, conservation, exhibition and research of tangible and intangible heritage of humanity.

 

以色列

 

博物馆作为影响现实的工具，应根据其核心承诺，就原始与再生、创新与传统、信息与参与、局部与全球等为公众所关注的焦点话题，提供更为多元的视角。博物馆的操作需要更为透明。

 

Museums, as instruments of affecting realities, provide single to multi-perspectives into focuses of public interest which are not commonly obtainable, inside the tensions between original to recycled, innovative to traditional, informative to engaging, sectorial to universal, according to the museum’s core commitment. Museums operate out of a transparently declared to a hidden motivation.

 

意大利

 

博物馆是一个向公众开放、为社会及其发展服务的永久性非营利机构，是思想交流的场所。博物馆通过收集、保存、研究、传播和展示人类的有形和无形遗产及其环境，以实现教育、学习和娱乐的目的。

 

A museum is a permanent non-profit institution at the service of society and its development, open to the public and a place for the exchange of ideas, which acquires, preserves, researches, communicates and shows the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and of its environment for the purposes of education, study and entertainment.

 

美国

 

博物馆是文化的管理者。相对于下定义，博物馆更应寻求如何描述由社区成员所制定的文化，并为不同文化的实践提供会晤场所和支持平台。博物馆受公众委托保管藏品，并将其向公众开放。

 

Museums are stewards of culture. Rather than define, they seek to describe cultures as enacted by communities of constituents and to provide gathering sites and support platforms for the practice of diverse cultures. Museums are entrusted with objects in their care by the public and are responsible to make those objects accessible to the public.

 

英国

 

1.通过展览和展示，博物馆对遗产进行收集、保存和传播。博物馆是使公众可以接触到文化遗产的公共机构。博物馆是以研究和展示手段实现教育和娱乐的机构，拥有促进社会、文化及知识变革的力量，有利于人类发展。

 

Museums collect, conserve, and communicate heritage through exhibitions and display. They are public institutions that make cultural heritage present and accessible to all. Museums are agents of education and recreation through research and display, with the power to lead social, cultural, and intellectual change for the benefit of human development.

 

2.博物馆有责任促进当地和全球的积极发展，致力解决现实世界问题，并在稳定的自然环境之下推动公正社会的发展。

 

Museums have a responsibility to promote positive development locally and globally, addressing real world issues and promoting a just society that flourishes within a stable natural environment.

 

葡萄牙

 

博物馆是为社会及其发展和文化所服务的永久性机构。博物馆需要对所有公众开放，包容所有人及所有信仰、种族和个人选择。获取、保存、研究、交流和展示人类遗产及其环境，以实现教育、学习和愉悦的目的。

 

A museum is a permanent institution in the service of society and its development and culture. Needs to be open to the all the public, is inclusive to all and to all beliefs, races and personal choices. Acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.

 

加拿大

 

作为非营利性实体，博物馆正独自或共同通过证据—藏品、知识—研究，启发—教育和参与，为后代保存世界。博物馆通过其所选择收集、保存、研究和与公众分享的文化和自然遗产，来反映我们曾是谁、我们现在是谁以及我们渴望成为谁。

 

Independently and collectively, as non-profit entities, museums are saving the world for future generations with Evidence: collections, Knowledge: research and Inspiration: education and engagement. Museums reflect who we were, who we are and who we aspire to be through the cultural and natural heritage we choose to collect, preserve, study and share with the publics we serve.

 

荷兰

 

博物馆是收集、组织和展示过去和现在的非物质和物质痕迹，以创造和推动未来新愿景的机构。他们的专业权威使他们能够倾听多种声音，特别是那些曾闻所未闻的声音，并为每个人提供交流和讨论的空间。

 

Museums are institutions that collect, organise and display the immaterial and material traces of past and present to create and promote new visions for the future. Their professional authority enables them to listen to a plurality of voices, especially those often unheard, and provide a space of encounter and debate for everyone.

 

法国

 

博物馆是一个向所有人开放的会晤场所，没有任何社会、政治、宗教或出身的区别。在博物馆，人们以共享专业知识的精神进行交流，以便在可持续性的方法中保护、加强和激发人类文化遗产和表现形式的多样化。

 

The museum is a meeting place open to all people, without any social, political, religious or distinction of origin, where exchanges are elaborated in a spirit of shared expertise, in order to safeguard, enhance and animate the heritages, expressions of the cultural diversity of the humanity within a sustainability approach.

 

奥地利

 

博物馆是社会变革的推动者。它们是收集、保存、转化和传播文化遗产的独立机构。博物馆应该是面向社会公众的开放论坛，并以其藏品和所讲述的故事为基础，讨论对他们所在社区具有重要意义的话题。

 

Museums are agents of social change. They are independent institutions that collect, conserve, transfer and communicate cultural heritage. Museums should to be open forums for all people in society and address topics of importance to their communities rooted in their collections and the stories they tell.

 

对于博物馆的新定义，你是否也有自己的思考与想法呢？你是否也想贡献一份自己的力量呢？欢迎大家在留言区与我们讨论，也希望大家可以前去ICOM官网递交自己的提案！更多相关背景信息，请参阅2018年12月ICOM执行委员会批准的《博物馆定义、期望和提案常设委员会（MDPP）报告》。

 

来源：国际博物馆协会官网